Sociological and Legal Definition of Waste: Complementary or Contradictory?

Abstract

This paper critically examines how “waste” is defined in sociological theory versus legal doctrine, exploring whether these perspectives conflict or complement each other. Sociological approaches drawing on theorists like Mary Douglas, Zygmunt Bauman, Michael Thompson, and Joshua Reno emphasize waste as a social construct, imbued with relative value, stigma, and cultural meaning. Legal frameworks focusing on international instruments such as the Basel Convention and the EU Waste Framework Directive provide formal definitions of waste and criteria when materials become or cease to be waste. We review key themes including the social construction of dirt and pollution, the notion of “matter out of place”, the fluidity of value (one person’s trash as another’s treasure), and the marginalization of waste workers. In parallel, we analyze legal definitions (e.g. “discard” in EU law, “intended disposal” in Basel), case law on end-of-waste and by-products, and regulatory implications for environmental justice. Through international and comparative examples (EU, U.S., Nigeria, India, Colombia), we illustrate how legal definitions both reflect social values and sometimes clash with lived realities. The analysis finds that sociological and legal perspectives on waste are in some respects complementary as law often codifies social values about purity, danger, and value but also exhibit tensions, especially when rigid regulations meet the fluid, context-dependent nature of waste in society. The paper concludes by suggesting pathways for bridging these perspectives in policy, emphasizing that a more nuanced, justice- oriented understanding of waste can benefit both effective governance and social inclusion.