Spatial and Socio-Economic Determinants of Fast-Food Consumption Among Urban Dwellers: A Geographical Analysis in Wattala-Mabola Urban Council, Sri Lanka

Abstract

Rapid urbanization and changing lifestyles have contributed to the increasing prevalence of fast-food consumption in cities around the world. In Sri Lanka, urban residents are increasingly relying on quick-service dining options, yet the spatial and socio-economic determinants shaping this behavior remain underexplored. This study investigates the influence of income, spatial proximity, and the distribution of fast-food outlets on consumption patterns within the Wattala–Mabola Urban Council area. A mixed-methods approach was employed. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires distributed to 116 randomly selected residents using a stratified sampling method across 6 Grama Niladhari divisions based on ethnic composition. In-depth interviews with 15 purposively selected participants, systematic observations, and several secondary data including fast-food outlet locations and urban infrastructure complemented the dataset. Spatial distribution patterns were analyzed using ArcGIS 10.8, while socio economic relationships were examined using independent chi-square tests and multiple regression analysis at a 0.05 significance level, controlling external factors. Theoretical interpretations were guided by Spatial Interaction Theory, the Behavioral Geography Model, Central Place Theory, Location Theory, Tobler’s First Law of Geography, and the Distance Decay Principle. Results indicate that fast-food outlets are highly concentrated in the southern region of Wattala–Mabola Urban Council area, particularly along the main roads and densely populated neighborhoods. Which is reflecting patterns of accessibility and economic activity. Independent chi-square analysis showed no statistically significant relationship between income or proximity and the mode of consumption, whereas multiple regression revealed (R = 0.28) a weak positive association between income and consumption frequency and a negative association with the distance. These findings suggest that although income and spatial accessibility influence fast-food consumption, modern urban factors such as mobility, food accessibility modes, and digital ordering moderate these effects. This study provides empirical evidence on how spatial structures and socio-economic factors jointly shape urban fast-food consumption, offering practical insights for urban planning, public health interventions, and policy development aimed at promoting healthier dietary practices in rapidly urbanizing settings.