Abstract:
Besides climate change impacts on water availability and hydrological risks, the consequences on water quality is just beginning to be studied. This research concerns the impacts of climate change on surface water quality through multilevel analysis. Multilevel modeling is a relatively new statistical technique in environmental science research, although its roots can be traced back to several other fields. The objective of this study was to evaluate the surface water quality, its spatial variation and its dependence on climatic parameters. The water quality data for seven parameters, namely Color, Turbidity, pH, Electrical Conductivity, Chloride, Total Alkalinity and Total Hardness collected from 2012 to 2014 from 68 locations around Sri Lanka was used for the analysis. These monthly water quality measurements had been made on two occasions nested within locations within districts and thus had a multilevel structure. Hence a multilevel regression model was adopted using the Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. Since, neither of the 95% credible intervals for chemical composition (0.682, 4.945) and physical composition (0.203, 0.485) of water included the value zero, district level variances are significant. The chemical composition of water varies more with the districts compared to the physical composition of water. Several locations in Anuradhapura and Monaragala districts contributed to this significant difference in chemical composition and several locations in Ampara district presented a significant contribution to the difference in the physical composition as shown by the non-inclusion of the value zero in their individual 95% confidence bands. Further, it was observed that rain (P<0.01), temperature (P<0.01) and humidity (P<0.05) have an impact on both the chemical and physical composition of surface water. Source type (P<0.01) has an impact only on physical composition of water. The main conclusion of the study was that drinking water quality varied geographically and over time according to climatic conditions
