Heavy metal mediated immunomodulation of the Indian green frog, Euphlyctis hexadactylus (Anura:Ranidae) in urban wetlands

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dc.contributor.author Priyadarshani, S
dc.contributor.author Madhushani, W.A.N.
dc.contributor.author Jayawardena, U.A.
dc.contributor.author Wickramasinghe, D.D.
dc.contributor.author Udagama, P.V.
dc.date.accessioned 2021-06-05T10:28:00Z
dc.date.available 2021-06-05T10:28:00Z
dc.date.issued 2015
dc.identifier.citation 26 en_US
dc.identifier.other https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.02.037
dc.identifier.uri http://archive.cmb.ac.lk:8080/xmlui/handle/70130/5263
dc.description Highlights • Impacts of selected heavy metal exposure on immunity of Indian green frogs investigated. • Significantly lower values for non-functional immunotoxicity tests were recorded. • Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb mediated immunomodulation detected in in vitro phagocytic assay. • Phagocytosis is proposed as a potential biomarker for heavy metal toxicity. en_US
dc.description.abstract Impacts of heavy metal toxicity on the immune system of the Indian green frog, Euphlyctis hexadactylus, in Bellanwila Attidiya, an urban wetland polluted with high levels of heavy metals, compared to the reference site in Bolgoda, in Sri Lanka was investigated. Significantly higher accumulation of selected heavy metals, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) were detected by AAS in frog liver and gastrocnemius muscle, in the polluted site than in the reference site. Non-functional immunotoxicity tests; total WBC, splenocyte and bone marrow cell counts, spleen weight/body weight ratio, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and basal immunoglobulin levels, and phagocytic capacity of peritoneal macrophages (immune functional test) were carried out using standard methodology. Test parameters recorded significantly lower values for frogs of the polluted site compared with their reference site counterparts, indicative of lowered immune response of frogs in the former site. In vitro phagocytic assay based on NBT dye reduction, measured the stimulation index (SI) of E. hexadactylus blood leukocytes, splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages, where SIs of frogs in the polluted site were significantly lower. Also, in vitro exposure of frog phagocytes to Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd at 10−2–10−10 M, showed immunomodulation i.e. low concentrations stimulated phagocytosis while increased concentrations showed a trend towards immunosuppression. IC50 values indicated Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb as the decreasing order of the potential of phagocytosis inhibition. In conclusion, this study clearly demonstrated immunomodulation of E. hexadactylus, stimulated by heavy metals. In-vitro studies evidently suggested the use of phagocytosis as a biomarker in Ecoimmunotoxicology to detect aquatic heavy metal pollution. en_US
dc.description.sponsorship University of Colombo, Sri Lanaka en_US
dc.language.iso en en_US
dc.publisher Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety en_US
dc.subject Immunotoxicity en_US
dc.subject Wetlands en_US
dc.subject Heavy metals en_US
dc.subject immune functional assays en_US
dc.subject Non-functional immunotoxicity tests en_US
dc.title Heavy metal mediated immunomodulation of the Indian green frog, Euphlyctis hexadactylus (Anura:Ranidae) in urban wetlands en_US
dc.type Article en_US


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